how to print matrix in java and exploring the nuances of Java's array manipulation techniques

## how to print matrix in java and exploring the nuances of Java's array manipulation techniques

When it comes to printing matrices in Java, there are several methods one can employ depending on the specific requirements and constraints of the problem at hand. From simple for loops to more sophisticated approaches involving recursion or even leveraging higher-order functions, the choice of method often hinges on the size of the matrix, the desired output format, and the performance considerations. This article delves into various strategies for printing matrices in Java, highlighting their advantages and potential pitfalls, and provides code examples to illustrate each technique.

### 1. Using Basic For Loops

One of the most straightforward ways to print a matrix is by using nested for loops. The outer loop iterates over the rows, while the inner loop handles the columns. This approach is easy to understand and implement but may not be efficient for large matrices due to its linear time complexity.

#### Example Code:
```java
public class MatrixPrinter {
    public static void printMatrix(int[][] matrix) {
        int rows = matrix.length;
        int cols = matrix[0].length;

        for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
                System.out.print(matrix[i][j] + " ");
            }
            System.out.println();
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[][] matrix = {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9}};
        printMatrix(matrix);
    }
}

public class RecursiveMatrixPrinter {
    public static void printMatrix(int[][] matrix, int row, int col) {
        if (row >= matrix.length || col >= matrix[row].length) {
            return;
        }

        System.out.print(matrix[row][col] + " ");
        printMatrix(matrix, row, col + 1);
        printMatrix(matrix, row + 1, col);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[][] matrix = {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9}};
        printMatrix(matrix, 0, 0);
    }
}

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.stream.IntStream;

public class StreamMatrixPrinter {
    public static void printMatrix(int[][] matrix) {
        IntStream.range(0, matrix.length)
                .flatMap(i -> Arrays.stream(matrix[i]))
                .forEach(System.out::print);
        System.out.println();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[][] matrix = {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9}};
        printMatrix(matrix);
    }
}

public class Matrix<T> {
    private T[][] data;

    public Matrix(int rows, int cols, T defaultValue) {
        data = new T[rows][cols];
        for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
                data[i][j] = defaultValue;
            }
        }
    }

    public void setValue(int row, int col, T value) {
        data[row][col] = value;
    }

    public T getValue(int row, int col) {
        return data[row][col];
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        for (T[] row : data) {
            for (T elem : row) {
                sb.append(elem.toString()).append(" ");
            }
            sb.append("\n");
        }
        return sb.toString();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Matrix<Integer> matrix = new Matrix<>(3, 3, 0);
        matrix.setValue(0, 0, 1);
        matrix.setValue(0, 1, 2);
        matrix.setValue(0, 2, 3);
        matrix.setValue(1, 0, 4);
        matrix.setValue(1, 1, 5);
        matrix.setValue(1, 2, 6);
        matrix.setValue(2, 0, 7);
        matrix.setValue(2, 1, 8);
        matrix.setValue(2, 2, 9);

        System.out.println(matrix);
    }
}